What Is Art? Expressivism in Art

What Is cunning? Expressivism in ArtA definition of blindificeric production would help to identify what finesse is in order for individual(a)s to recognise and appreciate it, solely there is controversy as to how to define imposture or whether craft bunghole be delimit at all. It testament become nett that features of what it takes to be invention be non p fraudicularly simple to pinpoint. For example, the aestheticist would suggest that exhaustively device mustiness look good, just it is not enough to say that something is art if it has the pure tone of being aesthetically pleasing. Beauty whitethorn apply to a big(p) number of things that are not readily accepted as art, or on the contrary, not all art may be aesthetically pleasing at all. Further more(prenominal), the aesthetic standard of art will nevertheless please a authorized class of people. at that place are some conceptual definitions of art that attempt to outline the necessary and sufficient co nditions need for something to be considered a work of art, though I will decoct on the concept of deliverivism as it proves to be the most convincing to me. I will set out to define art as still by the expressivists Tolstoy and Collingwood, by dint of with(predicate) which it will become clear that it takes much more than external features such(prenominal) as beauty to define art. Tolstoy makes some essential contributions to the nature of expressivism, but exacerbates his views as he emphasises the significance of religion in delimitate art. It is here that Collingwood appears to have the edge, and the more appealing definition seems to be a combine of the benefits of both(prenominal) theories. I will therefore grapple for the importance of having a definition of art, as although conceptual ones are cunning in themselves, it is equally as troubling to omit the use of a definition altogether.Expressivism largely deals with the fact that art connects with people via the ir senses. It defines art through the pattern of sense that is entailed by the artist in their artwork and the turned on(p) impact that it has on the audience. To Tolstoy, something is art if it creates an senseal link between the artist and its audience, uniting them insomuch that the emotion portrayed through the artwork furbish ups the viewer. It is legitimate that e very man has the capacity to receive, through hearing or sight, an polar(prenominal) mans emotions and ol fixingsy property those tangs himself, just as each man has the ability to affect another man through his normal of senseing, and Tolstoy infers that this is the heart of which the activity of art is based. But more specifically, the infection is characteristically indirect, in that it begins when one person, the artist, expresses through his artwork his emotion, which is communicated to the viewer through the artwork as a medium.As a simple example, Tolstoy describes a boy who encounters a wolf and feels fear. On experiencing this, he describes the experience to others in such a bureau as to arouse the fear that he experienced in himself and infect the esurient listeners with the particular emotion. This analogy shares with art three distinct characteristics indistinguishability, clarity and sincerity. It is individual because it focuses specifically on one emotion, creating emphasis and increasing infection. It is clear because the emotion portrayed is pure and communicated without distraction, making it all the more infectious. Lastly, it is sincere because the stronger the artist or storyteller feels when communicating the emotion, the more infectious the feeling will be to the viewer. All three are important contributors to the quality of art, as the stronger the infection, the better is the art as art1.Tolstoy notes that many inaccurate definitions of art arise from that fact that they consider the pleasure that art gives, rather than the suggest that it serves in b earing and in humanity. To direct the educate of our endeavours at pleasure and to define it accordingly is like judging food based on the satisfaction of our tastes. Our taste buds are not an accurate bottom for what can be universally kn profess as good food, nor is beauty to good art.Hence, Tolstoy maintains that the concept of beauty when looking to define art just now confuses matters, and in order to define art accurately, it is necessary to avoid considering it as a means of pleasure, but rather as one of the conditions of human life that we use to int seasonct and to communicate emotion between one another.So far, these discussions seem plausible as they allow for the objectivity of art and the basis of the definition to be intelligible and clear, rather than plainly aesthetic. Intelligent and clear expression of emotion enables us to grasp what is or is not art and maintains the meaning of art, otherwise any such expression of emotion could be outlined as art and the def inition steadily loses its meaning until it simply becomes a meaningless concept.But the strength of Tolstoys reasoning seems to falter at the part of the explanation that he deems most fundamental. Central to his argument, Tolstoy criticises the art of his era and infers that art had lost its true meaning to be exchanged for a invent concept of art, which sought only to please those of a trusted class. Real art is led by ghostly perception, which must be accepted in order to influence our understanding of feelings expressed through art. By religion, Tolstoy explicitly means Christianity, and it is declared that the best emotions communicated through art are those that appeal to Christian teachings of mans love for God and neighbour. Anything else, to Tolstoy, was insignificant art which aimed only at giving pleasure (and) did not deserve such esteem and encouragement2. He likens the replacement of real art with counterfeit art to worshipping false idols in Gods place.To suggest that art has departed from religious influence and has therefore lost all meaning seems irrational and jolly hypocritical. He accuses counterfeit art of appealing only to a certain class of people, but to place a religious constraint on the value of art does not, as Tolstoy intends, unite the classes, but places exclusivity on art too. The overbearing problem here is that good art doesnt have to be religious, and rather than defining art objectively, Tolstoy seems to have defined it around his own moral and religious perspective. It seems particularly harsh to rule out those who dont aline to his own form of Christianity as being in error and thence cannot appreciate true art.As Tolstoy, Collingwoods conception of art holds that it is essentially an expression of emotion, though perhaps provides a more sophisticated account. So, as Tolstoy does, Collingwood recognises that the expression of emotion is familiar to every artist. The realisation of this emotion, moreover, is immine nt though not discernible. The artist is conscious of feeling something though he may not immediately realise what it is, so he expresses it as a route of not oppressing it. It is not until he has expressed it, that he realises what emotion it is.Further, he lists individualisation as an important factor in the expression of emotion. There are names for the types of emotions that we experience happiness, anger, sadness and so on, but these emotions as well as come in many forms. The happiness I may feel right now is different and distinct from the happiness I entangle yesterday, or any other time. They are individual and not general. Collingwood illustrates this with the poet, who recognises the property of his emotions and makes efforts to individualise them by expressing them in terms that set them apart from other feelings of the same kind.3This distinguishes art from craft, craft being that which has a general aim, and however accurately attempts to describe it may be, will always be defined as the production of a thing having characteristics that could be shared by other things4. He illustrates this quite succinctly the joiner could make a circuit card out of specific pieces of wood, with specific measurements that arent shared by any other table, but those factors could still, in principle, be shared by other tables. So the artist, in contrast, does not make, he creates ex nihilo. He does not aim to create an emotion in his audience but more specifically, an emotion of a certain kind.At this point, Collingwood introduces the ternary important contributing factor to the definition of art. To create art ex nihilo would suggest that it begins in the mind, as the artist creates the artwork as a means of expressing what he is feeling. Hence, the third factor of art is imagination. Collingwood provides an important account of pinpointing real art, as he necessitates that the role of a true artist is not to instil or arouse emotion in his audience, but to produce an artwork, so if a musician, make a tune. It is easy to think of the music as art, but this is a common mistake. The tune exists perfectly and complete when it is still complex quantity in the artists head. It doesnt become real until it is played for its sound to be hear by an audience, but this is where the mistake is made. Collingwood maintains that there are two different and distinct things here and we often mistake the wrong one to be art. The music, or artwork, is not the assortment of noises played out by instruments, but rather the tune in the musicians head.As a result of distinguishing art from craft he upholds that expression is an activity of which there can be no technique5as unlike craft, art has no conceive end, coinciding with Collingwoods view that the artist doesnt know what emotion he is feeling until he has expressed it. This is possibly the most troubling part of his speculation as we often consider art to be a demonstration of great skill. Perhaps Tolstoy can even recognise that the artist is quick in communicating his emotion to an audience in a way that the ordinary person cant. Good technique is harpent with helping artists express their feelings creatively, as the painter can communicate them much more efficaciously with the knowledge of different brush strokes to exhibit different visual effects, or the blending of different colours together to instil a configuration of different moods in his artworks. It seems absurd to say that it is only thorough absence of technique that produces real art.To conclude, the benefits that we can take from the two expressivists is that art requires a definition in order to retain the meaning of what real art is, and that art serves as a medium for communicating emotions. It is true that we feel certain emotions that artwork seem to convey. It is also true that these emotions can be infectious, for example on listening to a particularly upbeat song, we may suddenly feel a sense of h appiness. It is also true that emotions consist of many different forms. Happiness stretches from satisfaction to elation and it is perhaps the individuality of feelings that artists experience that contribute to the individuality and quality of artwork. Collingwoods distinction between art and craft is also quite key to the definition of art, as although both may require a certain level of skill, the artist is very much about expressing emotion through his skill while the armorer is merely making for the sake of making.So on this basis, a combination of the benefits of both expressivist theories seems to provide a valid definition of art. With omitting the defects of both theories, it would seem easy to suggest that if art really is so difficult to define, then maybe it is a subjective concept, and what it is should be left for people to condition for themselves. But that isnt an adequate conclusion, as it makes for difficulty in talking meaningfully about art, or what one consid ers being good or unfavorable art, as each will have a different whim of what art is. Further, to say that art is something that which cannot be defined is, in itself, defining it in a particularly unsatisfactory way, as it achieves nothing. It is for this reason that a conceptual definition of art is preferable to not having one at all.

The Scarlet Letter Vs The Awakening

The Scarlet letter Vs The AwakeningThe novel The Scarlet Letter write by Nathaniel Hawthorne is largely based on the act of adultery, identity, and retire. Similarly, The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin connects well with the Scarlet Letter as it trades a akin themes, motifs of self-discovery and the right smart of struggles. The main characters, Hester Prynne and Edna Pontellier, develop these struggles and hardships by all(prenominal)owing their desires overcome themselves and as a result, these overwhelming aspirations come with consequences. Ultimately, the reality of life and the consequences of certain situations combined laughingstock drive a hu opus spirit into a state where in that location is no return.The protagonists from The Scarlet Letter and The Awakening share similar characterics, gum olibanum being that they are both strong-willed women. Hester protects her true love, Reverend Dimmesdale, as she is put on the sustain, by taking her consequences head-on a nd taking matters into her stimulate hands. As a result, Hester now wears an embroidered letter A boldly onto her and has to pop off all the humiliation from the public due to her act of adultery. This act could adopt been easily avoided by fleeing, as no one else would have conception what the true meaning of the letter is, but Hester did non want to stand away from her problems, instead she acknowledged it. This choice alone pays off in the end as the meaning of the letter changes to adulterer to able They say that it meant Able so strung was Hester Prynne, with a womans strength. (Chapter 13, page 139). On the contrary, Edna takes raise up of herself by leading herself to her own self-discovery. She is able to tolerate her husband and some other problems occurrences in her life. As bits of her are being gathered, Edna finds herself to be isolated from others much often than usual, but even at this state, Edna remains strong and determined. independency for Edna is key to her identity the main leap towards this independence was when she had moved to the pigeon folk. being able to escape from her own home, which all of her husband possessions always adjoin her, she was able to get away from being one of his belongings herself. Edna moves to this house, without the respectfulness of her own husband, Without even waiting for an answer from her husband regarding his opinion or wishes in the matter, Edna hastened her preparations for quitting her home on Esplanade Street and moving into the little house around the block. (Chapter 29, foliate 220). This action alone shows how strong she is as she is automatic to change what she is and isnt afraid of the consequences of her own actions.Lastly, these two novels share more than near sins and despair, but share love and intimacy with another undivided. Following their hearts, Hester and Edna did not follow marital structures they dared to challenge the traditionsof society in a way that would allow them to be viewed as sinners. Hester had once fell for a man named Chillingworth, but ultimately lost feelings for him due to his absence of two years. Hester eventually falls in love with an individual of higher status, the towns minister, Arthur Dimmesdale. The love that Hester had for Dimmesdale was corresponding no other. Her love with him was so strong that she was willing to take all shame and humiliation of her sins, without revealing the identity of her partner when she was asked on the scaffold Madam Hester absolutely refuseth to speak, and the magistrates have laid their heads together in vain. (Chapter 3, Page 19). Ednas consequences were not as severe as Hesters, but her love for others was expect and rather spontaneous. Ednas love for Leonce was purely an accident (Chapter 7, page 46) falling in love with him because of his devotion and dedication to her. Eventually, Edna falls in love with Robert her love grows stronger each passing day when she is not with him.In c onclusion, the protagonists from these two novels, Hester Prynne and Edna Pontellier share similar stories. The two different storylines were able to have a connection through multiple ways, whether it was committing wrongdoings, having strong determination for situations or having an emotion of sum and personal attachment to a certain individual. These actions of wrongdoings can demonstrate how an individual is able to surpass their sins to a point where it allows them to discover their true selves.

The Formative And Summative Assessment English Language Essay

The constructive And Summative Assessment incline linguistic communication Essaywhy is judgement necessary? Schwartz and Webb (2002) state that from the past 30 years and the bang-up com hurtlee of news shows t separatelying research, estimate is non only the central part of work for instructors, but as well as the briny driver of direction. That is to say, sagacity is for teachers and bookmans, to know non only how well they hire a counseling d one(a) but alike where they surrender done well and where they contain to make great efforts.Assessment is frequently divided into summational sound judgement and pliant estimate. Testing is the basic right smart of summative sagaciousness. We often garb a streak at the expiry of the education period. pliant opinion involves the collecting of in pution or evidence of a bookmans nurture relegate in the schoolroom. (Wang, 2006)Testing is the mode near often apply in chinaw ar. For example, in 2011, 9,330 ,000 high school scholarly persons took part in the University and College Entrance mental examinationing in China. The enrollment rate of the exam is 72.3%, and only approximately 40% students would be enrolled by universities. Actu exclusivelyy, 2011 was non the peak firearm, the real peak time was at 2008, at that time, the number of Chinese students attending the University and College Entrance interrogation is 10,500,000. In 2009, in that location were 740 universities and 1168colleges in China. Therefore, it is hard to imagine how difficult if the university and colleges selected students with come in testing. That also led to tests be glide slope the most principal(prenominal) way for evaluating students no calculate when they entrance the high education to begin with or after.2. Literature buttvass2.1 Formative and Summative chiefWhy quantify?, in reply this question, it deals not only with the purposes of estimation, but also the issue of who take aims or uses the results. Biggs (1999) pointed show up the central distinction betwixt put to workative and summative functions.The primary(prenominal) purpose of summative treasurement is to make a judgement regarding each students performance. Students atomic number 18 marked at the end of a module, course or unit, so the results of much(prenominal) judgements atomic number 18 often presented in marks or grades. Summative judgements be also used to accredit learners as the end of the programme. (Falchikov, 2005)Nevo (1995) exposit these judgements as world for certification and diagnostic purposes. There is a critical work outing to the highest degree summative sagacity Can test scores be used to inform us round our statement and larn? Nevo (1995) come acrossed that the answer is not rattling much. Because of the students ability and consummation in learning are not measurable in terms of one single test. Even if they go off reveal well-nigh problems about ou r educational fleckivity or learning, it is often too late to do anything about them, as it is al rendery the end of a learning period.Different from summative opinion, pliant treasurement is establish on schooling collected in the classroom work and that attention to improving its practice rouse enhance the learners achievements. For example, side teachers submit students to write an essay, complete a research project, or get to a speech in front of whole class. This loving of discernment lead provide more(prenominal) information on students learning during the learning process and get out be useful for teachers to adjust their instruct jibe to students needs and base article of faith on the success or difficulties of students learning. Formative assessment will be similar to activities that are often carried out in classroom. Students may develop their assessment tasks based on current classroom activities, work out criteria to be followed when assessing students performance, and do record hold uping. The issues elusive here are summarized very briefly by Miller, Imrie, and Cox (1998).Formative assessment chargees on the process of learning, and guides students practice in essential expertness such as essay composition, problem solving. This emblem of assessment should be to provide regular feedback to students in order to stimulate learning. (Miller, Imrie and Cox, 1998)Harlen (2004) states the relationship amid assessment for moldable and summative purpose. Teachers can use summative assessment evidence to attend to learning, and at the same time, exploitation formative assessment information for summative assessment. It is some(prenominal) a untoughenedness and a fortissimo that summative assessment derived by interpreting formative evidence in a unalike way that both(prenominal) are in the evanesce of the teacher.2.2 What to assess?journals/ weighive logs/ diariesBrown (1997) argued that learning diaries, logs and jour nals are essentially the same, in that all are regarded as to promote feedback and all are based on the concept that the feedback is beneficial voice communication learning. Nevertheless, slightlyone of all time keep it in her/his mind that there are differences amongst these three activities. commence one example, Freeman and Lewis (1998) find that logs has less personal than diaries. Logs record a learners activities truthfully, while diaries are a personal selection of events that can lend nigh comment and understanding of their learning. Furthermore, Gibbs (1995) puts journals between diaries and logs, because journals admit close to reflection but not as personal as a journal.JournalsJournal piece of music is a powerful way for individuals to bust accounts of their obtain (Clandinin and Connelly, 1994 421), while writing journal is not only for this purpose, Brown (1997) points out 4 purposes of leaning journals. He discoursees that journal writing as a type of as sessment tool creates students opportunities to reflect their learning progress and problems record students learning aims. It is also a chance for expressing feeling and emotion of their leaning.LogsBrown (1997) states that student can use learning logs to provide a self-report of their learning experience. In order to solve the problem of this assortment of assessment, Brown (1997) proposes that logs may include information concerning what words defect or mistakes starts have been made, the reason why occurred this kind of error, how to solve this problems and which kind of turn upes will be helpful. Freeman and Lewis (1998254) express that making an explicit and lighten criteria is very important. They advise teacher to regulate their student what to record how much detail to record the number and spue of items to include the time period over which to record the pronenessd format the type of analysis to be carried out prior to submission.DiariesA journal is a book, whic h has a separate space, or page for each day, students can write down their learning experiences they have and their closed-door thoughts. A journal with real-time features includes create verbally records, but also involves pictures and an separate(prenominal) multimedia. Therefore, diaries are get outd as an appropriate form of assessment where the learning is foc utilize on the processes of doing something rather than on the result. Diary writing could be a way of building up students confidence in their own thoughts and feelings, rather than fetching on another(prenominal) peoples in an uncritical fashion. It could be give tongue to wherefore to pull ahead independent mooting (Ashcroft and Foreman-Peck, 199459).Falchikov (2005) critically evaluate the gain and separate of diary writing. These techniques are easy to use and cost effective. What is more? Self-reporting is believed to draw self-revelation, therefore, useful for collecting intimate information. However, a number of disadvantages have also been identified.Assessing logs, journals and diariesAs with many of the newer assessment methods, little is recorded in the books about how logs, journals or diaries may be assessed. Bound and Knights (1994) asserted that scene an assignment which teacher believe will encourage reflection is not sufficient, as the intent of the student is a important determinant of what in truth happens. Additionally, Brown (1997) indicated that no study had been done to certain whether the use of learning journals changes the style of learning. Based on his own experience of utilise the learning log method, assessment may be carried out in a number of ways. Teacher may mark the written record, or use the guidelines supplied as criteria against which to judge the work. Students may submit a self-assessment of all or part of the record. McNamara and Deane (1995) refer to that peer assessment is not suitable method for assessing logs, journals and diaries. Beca use these diaries were, meant to be private and read only by the writers themselvesOral debutFalchikov (2005) states that in spontaneous showings, students research a topic and present their achievement in front of their teacher and other classmates. Oral instauration are often linked with self or peer assessment. Falchikov (2005a) find that involving students in the assessment of viva voce presentation is very beneficial. At the same time, ask the other peer have to provide feedback, which can get the other students concentration. This way will be more active engagement than solely listening. This kind of assessment will not only improve the oral skill of the students, but also may be developing the other skill.PortfoliosBecause progress tests and proficiency tests are both need to assess students at the certain time, students only get one-off chance to reveal their real aim of knowledge. It is unfair to some students who are not well-grounded at exams innately. As a result, portfolio assessment appeared, unlike traditional measures which tend to evaluate students ownership of knowledge at the certain time, portfolio assessment can allow students to study their outflank pieces of work over the period of time. There are some obvious benefits of portfolio assessment firstly, it makes students more independent and self-governing. Whats moreStudents have a chance to modify their work before submitting, it will have a positive wash back effect on assessment. (Harmer, 2007)However, the pitfalls still make it in portfolio assessment. Using portfolio assessment can be time-consuming teacher need more time to give the marks. The reliability of portfolio assessment need to be consider, because students complete this kind of assessment out of classroom, it is difficult to sustain that the students finish their assessment by themselves, nobody helps them. (Harmer, 2007)2.3 The relationship between assessment and pedagogyBefore we discuss the relationship betwe en assessment and statement approach, we need to clear the concept of these approaches Their definitions, features and so on.The Presentation, Practice and Production ( palatopharyngop holdy)uvulopalatopharyngoplasty refer to presentation, practice and production. At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new style and grammatical structures. At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled to guided practice. At the production stage, teacher will encourage students to present what they have learned and perform some communicative bodily process. In this stage, the heart of the matter is on meaning suavityrather than forms ( truth). (Harmer, 2007)Some of the advantages of the palatopharyngoplasty model are that first it is clear and easy to conduct by the teacher. Secondly, it is easy to evaluate, as there are often clear goals to be obtained. Thirdly, there is the belief that learning with focus on forms will constitute one kind of habit (Skehan, 1996). Neverthel ess, with the growth of theories in TESOL, some actors line teachers keep it in their mind that the palatopharyngoplasty model is not valid. It is not enough for the teacher to simply help practise the structure. The teacher should also try to create meaningful principle materials for student to use the structures learned in real communication (Wang, 2006)..Task-based words Teaching (TBLT)Task-based Language Teaching is widely promoted in English lecture teaching nowadays. Many teachers are asking what is Task-based Language Teaching? How is TBLT contrastive from communicative talking to teaching?Task-based Language Teaching is, in fact, a further development of CLT (Walsh, 2011). Thornbury (2006) suggests that TBLT has emerged from the unanimous form of CLT. It shares the same beliefs, as phrase should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. However, it has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching. When students are carrying out a task, they are focusing on the complete act of communication. sometimes, however, we may wish to focus their attention on individual aspects of nomenclature, such as vocabulary, grammar or individual skills. We can call these activity exercises. other kind of activity, which is very common in CLT, comes halfway between tasks and exercises. This kind of activity consists of contextualised practice of nomenclature items (often a particular grammar point). For instance, it could be an activity that helps the students to master the present continuous tense by getting them to describe what is happening in a picture. This kind of activity can be called an exercised-task. (Littlewood, 1993)Differences between uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and TBLTWillis (1996) provided two perspectives to identify the difference between PPP and TBLT.The way learners express manner of speaking in TBLT is completely different from PPP (Willis, 1996).In TBLT, all 3 components (task, planning and report) are free of language control, students have to rely on their own language resources. The purpose of TBLT is using language for real communication. In PPP model, learners adjust their language at the practice stage. Nevertheless, in TBLT, we adjust our language at the report stagethe last one. The planning stage encourages students to consider appropriateness and accuracy of the language form in general, rather than the production of a single form. The report allows learner to exchange their creative thinker and information freely, but in PPP model, learners do not have any freedom to a certain extent.TBLT can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities. PPP is different in this aspect (Willis, 1996).In PPP model, with the presentation of the stooge language coming first, this context has to be invented. However, in TBLT, the context is already established by the task itself. When students finished the task, the language is already familiar. The activities in TBLT encourages learners to use the target language to analyse and think, not just simply to repeat. A PPP model leads from accuracy to fluency a TBLT cycle leads from fluency to accuracy (combined with fluency).Overall, PPP offers a simplified approach to language learning. It is based upon the idea that you can present language in a clear way. Moreover, your language develops by adding new forms from one lesson to the next. However, simply being able to spring up forms in isolation will not help learners acquire the language for communication. Research proves that if there are plenty of opportunities with students to practise language in meaningful context, which will be the best way for students to acquire language effectively. (Frost, 2004)2.3.4 Introduction of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)Although people have different understanding of communicative language teaching, the following three principles suggested by Richards and Rodgers (2001) c olloquy principle the core of CLT activities are real communication, which will promote language learning.Task principle the language used in activities is for carrying out the tasks, which will promote learning.Meaningfulness principle language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process.It is important to note that CLT requires a higher level of communicative competence on the part of the teacher. It also requires that teacher develops a wider range of skills beyond the presentation and explanation of grammatical structures (Hedge, 2000). In a communicative classroom, a great deal of time is spent on managing learning, setting up activities, organizing resources, directional students in pair/group work.Howatt (1984) proposes a weak and a noticeable version of CLT. With the weak version, learners first acquire language as a geomorphologic system and then learn how to use it in communication. The strong version of CLT claims that language is acquired with comm unication (Howatt, 1984279). This subject matter that learners discover the structural system in the process of learning how to communicate. In other words, the weak version regards overt teaching of language forms and functions as necessary means for helping learners to develop the ability to use them for communication, whereas the strong version regards experiences of using the language as the main means or necessary presumption for learning a language as they provide the experience for learners to attain how language is used in communication.Savignon (2004) maintains that CLT in its strong form cannot be adhered to via a single textbook, implicitly suggesting that ELT materials that are termed communicative must be adhering to the weaker form.3. Methodology3.1 Research questionThe topic research question What are English teacher own beliefs about the effects of assessment on teaching English experience? Finding the balance between formative assessment and summative assessment. Then try to find the relationship between assessment and pedagogy. I intend to centre on teachers viewpoints on English language assessment.From teachers aspect, the questions will draw attention to the close relationship between assessment and pedagogy. What type of assessment is beneficial to teaching? That is to say, what kind of assessment is good for learning English? When assessment is solely dependent on test results, teachers tend to begin teaching to the test (washback effect). Teaching has become test practice. They try to find out what will be time-tested and how it will be tested. Is it good for learning English?3.2 Interview uncertainty DesignIn the beginning, my query questions are very generalization, and contain some specialized vocabulary. I used to have an interview experience, so I know if the questions are too hard to answer, will be displace pinch on interviewees. Therefore, I try to make my question decrease and concretization, in order to reduce the pre ssure on interviewees.Interview questions of teachers1. agree to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why?2. Could you excuse the advantage and disadvantage of each assessment respectively?3. When you assess your students language learning, how many factors do you consider? What are they?4. Do you consider the demand of your students?5. at any rate testing, what are the other methods that can be used to accumulate information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? Please give examples if possible.6. What are the usual formats of the tests that you have taken in your experiences of English teaching?7. Is there any particular format that you like or dislike? Give your reasons.8. Do you think examinations could reflect student learning go against than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance.3.3 Metho ds the RationalesSince the total conception of the research was based on canvas English language teachers and Chinese learners own beliefs about the effects of assessment on learning English experience, go without saying, the research methods used should be satisfied this determination. Qualitative approach is above all else a person-centred enterprisingness and therefore particularly appropriate to our work in the field of language teaching (Richards, 20039), so it deserves to be depended on in my research.A number of different interview types can be employed to gather entropy for qualitative research. Interviews are often associated with survey-based research, as well as being a technique used by many qualitative researchers. In structured interviews, researchers usually ask an identical set of questions of all respondents. little rigid are semi-structured interview, in which the researcher used a written list of questions as a guide, while still having the freedom to ramble and explore more information. On the other hand, in unstructured interview, no list of questions is used. Instead, interviewers develop and adapt their own questions, helping respondents to open up and express themselves in their own terms and at their own speed. (Mackey and Gass, 2005)Mackey and Gass (2005) give tongue to that interviews could allow researchers to investigate phenomena that are not directly observable, such as learners self-reported perceptions or attitudes. In addition, because interviews are interactive, researchers can elicit additional information if initial answers are vague, digression, incomplete, or not specific enough. Another advantage of interview is that they can be used to elicit data from learners who are not comfortable in other modes. Take one instance, some learners are more at ease speaking than writing and more likely to provide extended answers in a conversational format. Depending on the research question and the resources available, intervi ews can also be conducted in the learners female parent tongue (L1), thus removing concerns about the proficiency of the learner affecting the prime(prenominal) and quantity of the data provided.According to the two groups of interviewee, I apply in different interview type. For students group, I elect using semi-structured interview. For teachers group, the narrative interview may be the best policy. Actually, the narrative interview is one kind of unstructured interview. Flick (2002) defines that the narrative interview is different from the traditional way of interview, which will help the researchers free themselves from the question-answer pattern and approach the personal experience of interviewees. The interviewees are encouraged to tell their own stories of the assessment on learning English experience.3.4 Research ProcedureI explained to my interviewee in the beginning about the whole process, the orientation of the questions, and the time needed approximately. During th e process of our interview, the interviewees could speak both English and Chinese.Because I had no experience about how to conduct an interview, and did not do the Pilot Study that is a simulated interview before the real interview. Therefore, when I interview my first participant - move, sometime she unlogical by the question which sounded profound. travel was my best friend in China and she was very nice and patient. If she did not understand what I mean, she will discuss with me about this question. Then I revised my questions with her help. She proposed some suggestion for my interview. I also discuss with her about my question for students. During the process of interview, I encourage interviewees to talk about some of their own experiences. Moreover, do not mind if they use Chinese to explain the questions more clearly. Finally, after we went through all the questions, the interview was going smoothly.3.5 Ethical ConcernsThere are some important ethical concerns, which have been considered throughout the entire study. At first, consent both in written (see Appendix) and verbal form was given to each latent participant previously, so that they could have enough time to decide whether to sum of money this research.Because my research method is interview, my participants are not anonymous to me. Therefore, protecting their concealing and holding in confidence what they share with me must be the best policy.I will fully inform all of participants about my research purpose, and make sure they totally understand what their agreement to participate entail. Furthermore, participates can withdraw from my research at any time.4. ResultTeacher A WingWhat is Wings belief about the effects of assessment on learning English experience?Wing thinks that English assessment, especially test is absolutely very important. Because she worked in a Cram school, has much of pressure from the administrate of the school and her students parents.What is assessment?Wing rega rds the language assessment as a tool to keep a check on her learners, through a language assessment, she can find out strengths and weakness of her students and herself. Actually, in most of cases, Wing thinks that assessment is to do with testing.Do you think examinations could reflect student learning reform than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance.Wing believes that examinations cannot be said to be the best means of assessment, but the test is really the most effective way to measure students language learning effect.Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? That is to say, what are the other methods that you prefer using to assess your student? You have some choices teachers observation, interview, journals/ reflective logs/diaries, oral presentations, portfolios.Wing recalls the day when she was a student, both her English and Ch inese language teachers recommended diary writing as an effective means of improving language proficiency. Therefore, when she started as a teacher, she began to try to use this method to assess her students. Actually, diary writing is the better way to assess student grammar and vocabulary. Towards grammar, she could identify common error in the use of article, tenses and preposition. Common errors in the spelling of particular word were also easily spotted. Towards vocabulary, diary writing can be very good to help students understand some words of their special usage.For example, lots of students always confuse the usage of the words hope and wish, because in China, there is a word can express both these two words. In students diaries, many students often want to express a strong desire or hope for something, but they always confound these two words. Wing mentions that some students translate their meaning from Chinese to English directly, they do not think in English way.After a period, Wing finds that dairies writing have some shortcoming. For example, sometimes teacher is hard to control what student write. Sometimes what students write are not teacher want to assess. Sometimes Wing finds that it is quite difficult to comments or analyses her students diaries, because diaries is their own experience.Therefore, Wing changes her assessment method in the other way. She ask all of her student to read a series of books BOOK WORMS which was published by Oxford University Press. This series of books are the simplification of many world famous works. Every time she will layout a book requires students to read at home, and then write judgement of the book. she wants to find out the difficulties her students had with a summary assignment they had been given, so she bespeak that her students write in their diary, talk about the difficulties they had when they did the assignment. However, Wing also finds out that if she too frequently requires students to do like that, by the time the students have lost all their motivation for writing diary.According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why?Because Wing works in a Cram school, each student in this school has a goalthat is to pass the exam. This invisible to students a great deal of pressure, will definitely affect their learning effect. She believes that formative assessment is good for language teaching and learning.Consider the other methods (you mentioned at question 3) that you prefer using to assess your student again, which is your purpose of this assessment method? Formative or summative?Formative assessment. Wing think that it could be for summative assessment, but she think there is intense pressure on her students from exam, she does not want to put more pressure on her students. Therefore, she always assess her students by formative purpose.In your classroom, what teaching methods do you usually use?Grammar translation approach or you can say that is PPP (Presentation, Practice and Production) module.When you assess your students language learning, how many factors do you consider? You have some choice linguistic (Grammar and Vocabulary), interest, culture background, motivation, teaching approach, to foster learning ability.Wing states that she will consider grammar and vocabulary at the first place, because all of her teaching and assessment are examination-oriented.Do you think that your main teaching approach will lick you to assess your students?Wing says that it is difficult to answer this question. She want to say yes, because her teaching goal is examination-oriented, she use grammar-translation approach, therefore, she is unable to control herself to consider linguistic (Grammar and Vocabulary) when she assess her students.Teacher B LindaWhat is Lindas belief about the effects of assessment on learning English experience?Linda works in a private high school, she has approximately 2 years teaching experience.What is assessment?Linda always use language assessment in her classroom, she regards language assessment as a way of keeping a check on the student learning. She always carry out an assessment with recording-keeping, to discover learners achievements.Do you think examinations could reflect student learning better than the other type of assessment? If yes, give a reason. If no, please take one instance.Linda thinks that examination is not the only way that could reflect student learning. She cannot decide which one is better.Besides testing, what are the other methods that can be used to gather information about the knowledge and performance of language learners? That is to say, what are the other methods that you prefer using to assess your student? You have some choices teachers observation, interview, journals/ reflective logs/diaries, oral presentations, portfolios.Linda indicated that she always use interview and oral presentation to assess her students. Compared to other skills, Linda pays more attention to speaking skill during she assess her student. She suggests dividing her process of assessment into two partsIf it is the first time she meets a student, she prefers to interview s/he face to face. Regard to her all class, Linda think oral presentation is not only benefit for students learning, but also good for squad cooperation spirit.According to your teaching experience of students, summative and formative assessment, which kind of assessment do you think is good for language teaching and learning? Why?Formative assessment. In the process of learning, keep abreast of student control condition of knowledge, correct errors in a timely manner, to amend his mistakes early is better than the final.Consider the other methods (you mentioned at question 3) that you prefer using to assess your student again, which is your purpose of this assessment method? Formative or summ ative?For interview, Linda think formative assessment will be her purpose, because it focus on what are the next steps in learning. For oral presentation, summative assessment will be h

Childrens Stories Of The Nineteenth Century English Literature Essay

Childrens Stories Of The Nineteenth Century English Literature Essaymemorable adventures that ride out popular today. Children continue to feel the heartaches of heroines such as Jo prove in Louisa May Alcotts runty Women -which has neer gone out of print, (Watson, 2009, p13) and eagerly tress the pages of Robert Louis Stevensons colonialist rate Island to read about Jims adventures and bra real. Yet these seemingly fun-f paralyzeded Bildungsro world stories are reliant upon a entertain-system delineated by old constructions of gendered social roles of the ripe ordinal century in which they were written. both novels overtly indicate that in order to achieve personal value or capital (and and so maturity), the boy and girls of these stories are expected to succumb to the social expectations defined by their respective genders, in the long run replacing their juvenile freedom with responsibility and obligation. Consequently, for the mark of this essay, forefather has been interpreted as influential manful authority that invests twain guidance and support in achieving this maturity. These depictions will be compared and differentiateed in an onslaught to argue that despite absent fathers, seemingly opposite contexts, perspectives and heavily gendered ideals, these novels two depict founders that ch every(prenominal)enge the gendered assumptions and values underpinning the violet beliefs and identities .. of this period (Montgomery, 2009,p108.) Whilst seek(ing) to empower raw readers to become defendive agents of future change(Sambell, endorser 2, p.386) by challenging the discernible flight from domesticity (Tosh, 1999,p4)of the m. fiddling Women and revalue Island stand at the threshold of changing nonions about childhood (and consequent changes in childrens publications), between more instructive literature from earlier in the century, and the more purely amusing literature written later. Little Women, focusing on four sisters in a middle-class New England domestic instalting, gives particular insight into the changing built in bed of fatherhood to girls and women in Ameri freighter Civil War society, whilst Treasure Island forefronts an imperial masculine identity aimed towards British boys in the height of colonial involution (Montgomery, 2009,p74). These differing contexts are crucial to consider as they serve as a frame by which the child, and (importantly) parent, reader would interpret the authors messages and ideals of fatherhood, and ultimately contri only ifed to their success. The comparison of the depictions of fatherhood will begin by analysing Alcotts portrayal of key father-figures within Little Women, followed by a comparative study of fatherhood issues addressed in Treasure island.The March family, with their initially absent father, portrays a fe potent-dominated domestic solid ground in which men, including Laurie, Mr. Lawrence, publishers, suitors, and even Mr. March, play second fidd le. However, the hoary society of the time dictate that, just as Jim Hawkins journey towards accruing capital must be initiated by an investment of masculine capital, the lessons of domestic virtue within Little Women are always framed within the context of physically or ethereally present father-figures. Mr. Marchs letter sparks his daughters journeys toward virtue in the novel and he is ascribe as the guiding source of Marmees goodness as well as providing the time frame for the first half of the book. When Jo questions her arrive on how she knowing to control her emotions, she turns to the example Mr. March set before her. She claimsHe never loses patience, never doubts or complains, but always hopes, and worksand waits so cheerfully that one is ashamed to do otherwise before him. He abetedand console me, and showed me that I must try to practice all the virtues Iwould withdraw my little girls possess, for I was their example. (p76)Through Alcotts use of heterodiegetic nar rative the reader is sh induce how to all(prenominal) one of her daughters strive to become the selfless, loving woman that Marmee represents, and by making Mr March the source of her goodness, Alcott attributes all virtuous authority and value to him. Alcott, through Mr March, constructed the national and Marmee herself, so that even when he is gone she remains behind, reinforcing the values of the patriarchal domestic authority her husband instilled within her. Alcott states (perhaps a little as well as earnestly) that despite the puddle image of the five energetic women who seemed to rule the family unit (p229) he remains head of the family (p230) and the underlying source of social value and authority in the March family.These (frequent) explicit assertions of need for masculine substantiation and portrayal of domesticated manliness however, are in complete contrast to the image Alcott uses of his return as an invalid (p168)muffled up to the eyes(p164). This broken ma n leaning on his wifes arm (Fetterley, p26), consigned to the library for the majority of the story, seemingly contradicts the very patriarchal assertions that Alcott loudly professes throughout. Similarly, as Fetterley asserts, Mr Marchs illness is consigned to the distant background and completely vaguely referred to (ibid) quite hinting at a new form of patriarchal role-model one that plays second fiddle to God and Mother (p181).Alcotts use of Intertextuality in the thematic elements of Pilgrims Progress woven throughout the plot reaffirm her spiritual ideologies and highlight the novels links to more didactic nature. Christian becomes a masculine authority of piety and perseverance to whom the March girls look for guidance and posture . Similarly, the March girls are repeatedly instructed to call upon their Heavenly Father to help them bear their burdens. The girls hence incur three ethereal masculine figures of moral authority steering them as they learn to fulfil their gendered roles their father (in his absence), God, and Christian. When the girls need the physical presence of a man, they have LaurieThe girls describe Laurie as a remarkable boy (p278) whom they use as a standard to survey both other young men and their feature behaviour barbaric Jos ill temper is highlighted when even good-natured Laurie had a quarrel with her (p104) visionary Meg first realises her misconduct through Lauries disapproval in egotism Fair (p87) shy Beth is shown Laurie as a model of accomplishment without self-assertion (p67) and selfish Amy is saved from thin ice by his composure, from dull aunt March by his ability to entertain, and from an unsuitable marriage by his admonition (p74,180,397). Yet, despite this conformance to the conventional father role, the relationships also prove joint as Laurie is also educated by the March girls It is Amy who urges Laurie to wake up and be a man (p384), Jo who manages his relationship with his grandfather (p198-203) and he himself impute them for a part of my education (p429) resulting in newly acquired manly virtues (p395.)This re-education of the male characters to conform with the female model that the women provide, along with Marmees pleas for the equal involvement of fatherhood in family life history(p366), is put into increasingly successful practice by each of her sons-in-law.Fetterley describes how when Jo gets final father-figure, her big man or Papa Bhaer..her rebellion is neutralised (p29) and suggests Alcotts compliance with the gendered assumptions of fatherhood, yet once again there are clues that covertly challenge this view. Jo and Friedrich exhibit the most reformation of the traditional family in that Jo chooses the life work for herself and her partner, and provides the setting for their new school (Dalke, p563). She is financially independent and ultimately becomes responsible for educating boys.It is the opportunities provided by the strength and stability of the March matriarchy for reinventing humankind that lead the husbands, sons and fathers of Little Women to be re-educated by the women they love. Love which becomes, by the novels end, not the power play described by Fetterley, but rather an act performed mutually by both mothers and fathers to promote the reformation of a patriarchal society by beginning with the reformation of a single family. similar Little Women, Treasure Island can be read as a Bildungsroman, however in direct contrast it involves a rite of overtaking of Jim Hawkins predominately autodiegetic (retrospective) narration of his journey to maturity from which, as Stevenson notes, Women were excluded (xxvi) (with the exception of Jims mother and sea captain bouldered- who notably gets the last word in this masculine novel.) Whilst Little Women is concentrated with figures of masculine authority and guidance, Treasure Island subjects its protagonist to little or no direct masculine, patriarchal authority as Jims father is fatally ill and soon dies. Yet, un kindred Alcotts explicit portrayal of what the children should and should not be, the men Jim comes to love are neither wholly good nor bad examples they each tally traits Jim admires and traits he detests, and Jims achievement of independent mature identity lies in his own negotiation of father figures and rival male groupings, reaffirming the ideology of individualism (Loxley, p63) and, bid Little Women, emphasising the authors belief in the need for change.In contrast to Mr March, Jims biologic father is immediately portrayed as wan and deprivationing of authority. Jims lack of respect for this authority is demonstrated when he takes Billy Bones capital to stand watch instead of helping his father as he should. Stevensons focalisation through young Jim (Montgomery,2009,p99) of his weak, poor father (p11) whose unhappy remainder (p10) was attributed to his terror (p10) heightens the sense of disappointment and serves to justify Jims deli ght in the phonerof men as different from his father as he can find. Jims disappointment in the chicken-hearted men (p32) in town is also clear none of whom offer to help his mother retrieve the money owed toher (ibid) and it is instead left to a woman and a young boy. Stevensons choice of these weak male authorities suggests a failingmodel of masculinity, frail in the threat of adversity. Jims father is unable to contend with the problems caused by the pirate his son, and wife, however, can.In Jims questfor self-definition it becomes clear that, from the demoralise, Jim respects Long John plate and prefers him to all other father-figures offered to him. Among the gentlemen, the Squire is too imperceptive and too gullible to carry equal moral authority, and too self-involved to be aware of Jims needs. Captain Smollet, from the start, establishes himself as stern and uncompromising. Only Dr Livesey shows any readiness to respond emotionally to Jim, as Sandison suggests, his confi dent authority (p55), innate compassion and demonstrable integrity (p56) set him up as an appropriate alternative moral authority (p57) but Stevenson questions this choice as a father-figure through his (pirate-like) mercenary avocation of profit (Loxley, p75). atomic number 47s clean and well-run inn, hisappearance, demeanour, and the obvious efficiency with which he runshisestablishment, clearly imprintJim andimmediatelycontrasts are drawntohis biological fathers inability to run his own inn (ibid.) The connection between the two fathers is quickly established and continues when Silver almost immediatelytakes on Jims education at the docks (p72-73,) more than we have been told Jims father ever bestowed upon his son. Stevenson differentiates Silver from other pirates such as Flint and Pew, who died a beggar-man (p106) by emphasising how he has a wife and has his money justly invested. Trelawney introduced him as a man of substance he has a bankers trace which has never been ov erdrawn (p69.) Silver, too, boasts about his financial success I laid by nine hundred safe, from England, and two thousand after Flint all safe in bank (p101). Silver has a keen eye for accounts and savings, just as those pillars of the community, the doctor and the squire, are eager to get their hold on pirate treasure.At odds with the increasingly industrial and imperial society in which Treasure Island was written, was the earlier notion that the domestic heavens . . . is integral to masculinity(Tosh,1999,p4). In this romantic adventure-story filled with gentlemen, Stevenson leaves a lasting gist that the most admirable are a boy of fourteen whose actions from the start are driven by a wish to protect his mother and home, and a crippled pirate the only married adult in the book besides Jims father. These characters operate in an absence of conventional nineteenth century acceptable masculinity, yet they affirm qualities ascribed to the valet de chambre as, first, a husband an d a father. Stevensons critique of masculinity in the empire, lies in the depiction of Silver as paternal surrogate father to Jim. It is this non-biological redefinition of the father-son relationship in Treasure Island -which Stevenson wrote with input from his young stepson-that the strength of his argument lies.Stevenson seemingly blames the empire for the eating away of British fathers importance in their childrens lives. His juxtaposition of treasure-seeking pirates and gentlemen as potential fathers for Jim portrays vituperative critiques of the types of men created by greed, capitalism, and colonialism, and highlights the need for the individual child to be restrained of false promises for adventure. By the end of the novel, Stevensons view of the British Victorian gentleman emerges as part pirate and part child, but most importantly, like the fathers of Little Women both committed to their roles in the family.Despite the obvious contrasts in technique, context, subject mat ter and style of fatherhoods depicted in Little Women and Treasure Island, similarities have been highlighted in the authors subversion of nineteenth century patriarchal ideals. Both texts have been shown to implicitly promote domesticity in their key father figures, whilst support reformation of the traditional family model by rewarding individualism and therefore seek(ing) to empower young readers to become active agents of future change (Sambell, Reader 2,p.386.)Word Count 2198

Buying Behavior In The Mauritian Supermarkets Marketing Essay

Buying deportment In The Mauritian superintendentmarkets Marketing EssayTo identify the different types of gross gross revenue procession apply on the Mauritian supermarkets/hypermarkets.To analyze the aw beness of gross revenue furtherance among the Mauritian consumers.To evaluate the different types of purchasing behavior that arises payable to gross gross sales promotion.To examine the impact of different types of sales promotion such as coupon, free sample, buy-one-get-one-free, bonus pack, price discount on the get behavior of consumers in the Mauritian supermarkets.2.0 IntroductionThis chapter provides a review of old literatures on sales promotion and the different types of sales promotion, such as coupons, free sample, buy-one-get-one-free, bonus pack and price discount.It also relates consumer answer towards sales promotional tools in the Mauritian supermarkets.2.1 gross sales promotion definedSales promotion is a direct inducement or inducing to the sales force, the distributor or the consumer with the primary objective of creating an immediate sale. (Schultz and Robinson, 1882).Quelch (1989) defines sales promotion as temporary incentives targeted at the trade (trade promotions), or at kibosh consumers (consumers promotions). Sales promotion is one of the four ingredients of the promotion mix. The early(a) ternary are personal selling, publicity and advertising. According to Quelch, sales promotions differ both in role and nature from advertising. Sales promotions are typically viewed as an easily executed means of boosting short-term sales whereas advertising is seen as building post image.Shimp (2003) stated that sales promotion refers to any incentive used by a manufacturer to induce the trade (wholesalers, retailers, or other channel members) and consumers to buy a notice and to kick upstairs the sales force to aggressively sell it. Retailers also use promotional incentives to encourage desired behaviors from consumers. Sa les promotion is more than short-term oriented and undefended of influencing behavior.The objectives of any promotional strategy are to discovergrowth sales verify or mend market share create or improve brand recognition create a favorable climate for approaching sales inform and educate the market create a warring advantage, relative to competitors harvestings or market position improve promotional efficiency. (Rowley, 1998).2.2 Types of sales promotionAccording to Smith (1998), there are three main categories of sales promotionCustomer promotions (Premiums, gifts and prizes)Trade promotions (Special terms, point-of-sale materials and free pens, diaries, and competitive prizes among others)Sales force promotions (Incentive and motivation schemes)Tellis (1998) brings further that, in practice, there ii types of sales promotion Monetary and Non-monetary sales promotions. Monetary promotions are for example, shelf-price discounts, coupons and sampling. They prevail to p rovide fairly immediate rewards to the consumer and they are transactional in character. On the other hand, non-monetary sales promotions include free gifts, contests and sweepstakes for instance. It tends to involve delayed rewards and are more relationship-based.2.3 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets definedA supermarket is relatively adult, low cost, low margin, high-volume self suffice operation design to serve the consumers general needs for food, laundry and family line maintenance reapings (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001). The area covered by a supermarket posterior be about 400 2500 square meters. Examples of supermarkets in Mauritius are Winners, Spar, Way and daydream Price, Value goo and Lolo supermarket among others.Hypermarkets are larger than supermarkets and offer a large assortment of routinely purchased food products, non-food items and dish ups which meet the consumers total need. Hypermarkets can nonplus at least 50,000 square feet of selling and can cargo area more than 40,000 products. These outlets are usually located on the outskirt of towns or cities and are complemented with 30 to 50 shops, specialized in various product lines. The hypermarkets and combination of shops thus offer customers a one-stop shopping. For instance in Mauritius, Shoprite, Jumbo, Super U and Intermart are categorized as hypermarkets.2.4 Supermarkets and Hypermarkets of MauritiusIt is no doubt that during the aside decades considerable changes pee been occurring in the Mauritian retail market. Unprecedented growing in new retail formats, changes in competition, consumers, technology and takeovers are occurring end-to-end virtually every corner of the Mauritian retail indus tense up and more types of retail institutions have been appearing from corner shops to hypermarkets. There have been major(ip) developments in the retail sector of Mauritius. For instance, the arrival of Dream Price, Value Max and Lolo supermarket in different location of Mauritius have intensify the level of competition.2.5 Consumer response towards sales promotionsPromotions arouse deuce reactions in pot. Firstly, it is an augment in consumption, that is, more quantity of a product is acquired. Secondly, it is the storage of the product for the succeeding(a), that is, the consumer acts in anticipating his purchases.Promotions have been shown to affect consumers directly in a variety of ways, leading to smear switchingBrand loyalty secure accelerationStockpiling proceeds tryout2.5.1 Brand switchingAccording to Gupta (1993), it is possible that consumers who do not buy a brand will want to acquire it because they are attracted by the sales promotion. But, Brandweek (1994) found that some people who change brand due to a promotion, change back to their favourite brand due to a promotion change back to their favourite brand when buying that category of product later.2.5.2 Brand loyaltyBrand loyalty is an authoritative concept in understanding consumer buying beh avior. It is a deeply held loading to re-buy or re-patronise a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive corresponding brand purchasing, despite situational influences and merchandising efforts having the electric potential to cause switching behavior (Oliver, 1999)2.5.3 Purchase acceleration ii aspects of purchase acceleration should be considered Increased quantity and Decreased interpurchase duration (Neslin, Quelich, Henderson 1982). However, there is a very important question on how these two aspects will influence each other due to the have got effect. Purchase acceleration is predominantly exhibited in summationd purchase quantities or else than pint-size interpurchase time (Gupta, 1988)2.5.4 StockpilingResearch has found that promotions have a banish effect on brand equity (Jedidi et al., 1999), increase variability and unpredictability in sales and thus increase inventory management problems, increase consumer price sensitivi ty which leads to increased purchases made on deals, and produce stockpiling behavior (buying in all volumes that decreases long-term sales volume).2.5.5 Product trialPeter and Olson (1996) put forward that trial ability refers to the degree to which a product can be tried on a trammel basis or divided into small quantities for an inexpensive trial. Banks (2003) wrote that with sales promotion, brands have a chance to quickly affect consumer choice and behavior by adding rank through an on-pack offer, by achieving incremental introduction or by encouraging trial via sampling and/or coupons.According to the trial and plagiarize model mentioned by Thomas (1993), it is generally assumed that of all potential buyers in a given time period, only those who are conscious of the new product could potentially try it (trial), and only those who try it could potentially buy it again (repeat).2.6 Sales promotional tools2.6.1 CouponsCoupons are easily soundless by the consumer and highly u seful for trial purchase (Cook, 2003). According to Blackwell et al. (2001), a manufacturer might utilize coupon incentives to encourage consumers to try a new flavored product at a discounted price, instead of buying the same flavor they normally do at full price. Cheong (1993) found that supermarket coupons increase the number of items bought without increasing the total amount spent.2.6.2 Price reductionIt is known that price reduction produces a short-term volume gain for the brand being promoted. After studying the effects of price reduction on the sales of 25 products in four countries, Ehrenberg et al. (1994) determined that short-term peaks in sales were due primarily t purchases made by free-and-easy users of a brand rather than by new customers. Also, after victorious advantage of the price reduction, consumers mostly return to their favorite brands in their portfolio rather than buy the promoted brand at full price.2.6.3 excuse sampleFree sample is another important p romotional tool oftentimes used by marketers. Marketers often mail free samples of products to consumers so that they can try the products for themselves, rather than just hear about the products (Kardes, 1999). But, Gilbert and Jackaria (2002) found that a free sample as a promotional tool often had no significance on consumers reported buying behavior.2.6.4Bonus pack and Buy-one-get-one-freeleeward (1963) mentioned that factory bonus pack is used to increase consumer trial of the brand. Since more of the product is included at no extra cost, consumers can be persuaded to buy the product if they feel it represents a deal that produces the greatest value for their money. According to Gilbert and Jackaria (2002), packs with Buy-one-get-one-free may not increase brand sentience before trial purchase because the customer will only come after across the product once in the store (unlike samples or coupons), however, it the promotion is noticeable, it will facilitate brand recognition and brand recall for future purchases. Since an additional amount is given for free, consumers may be persuaded to buy the product if they feel it represents a fair deal that provides value for money.2.6.5 In-store displayIn-store display is the product featuring and display in-store (Pramataris, 2001). Display promotions could be an important part of an structured marketing communication programme. Good display material leads to better attention, oddly for brands driven by recognition awareness. Percy et al. (2001) advised that display must be consistent with consumer promotion and advertising, eith the same look and feel, in order to increase recognition at the point of purchase.2.7 SummaryDue to high profitability, many retail outlets have entered the retail industry in Mauritius. The arrival of supermarkets and hypermarkets seems to insure to emerge and exist, but they are however facing greater competition. outdo is no more a problem in Mauritius since many people have the ir own transport facility and the local transport service is as well more efficient as compared to long ago. bingle main analysis in the literature is that little research has been carried out on the marketing tools in Mauritius. As such, this provides room for a constitutional research to be carried out on several types of sales promotional tools adopted in our supermarkets/hypermarkets and the responded behavior of the consumers towards the tools utilized.

The Theological Dilemma of Pain and Suffering Essay -- The Problem Of P

The existence of botheration and suffering in a valet created by a good and almighty God is a key theological dilemma and may be the most serious dissent to the Christian righteousness. In the book, The Problem Of Pain , author C.S. Lewis addresses the issue of bother as a mere problem that demands a solution he formulates it and goes about solving it. If God were good, He would make His creatures perfectly happy, and if He were almighty He would be able to do what He wished. scarcely the creatures are non happy. Therefore God lacks either goodness, or power, or both (p. 16). According to Lewis, this is the problem of pain in its simplest form. In his tackle to solve the problem of pain Lewis evaluates the past and the origin of religion, he offers his translation of the various justifications for why pain exists in todays society, and explains how one should deal with pain in determine to live out Gods will in the future. This demonstrate will examine these rationales an d will conclude with an analysis on how Lewis handles the quatern foundational sources for understanding the will of God through scripture, tradition, annals, and modern context. Lewis evaluates the past in order to explain the problem of pain. He does this by examining the origin of religion and discussing the three elements associated with all developed religions, in addition to an added one in Christianity. The first element is the experiences of the Numinous. Humans are capable of sensing the heaven-sent and spiritual presence through the Numinous. The Numinous is a mixed cutaneous senses of awe and dread and distinct from fear. Lewis states that there are two thinkable views of Numinous. The first is that it is simply in the mind and serves no biological hold out yet will not disa... ...ainst the traditional and historical interpretations of the scriptures in the Bible. In addition, in becomes apparent early on in his book that Lewis does not believe the Adam and Eve sto ry can be interpreted seriously by his audience at a literal direct in a Darwinian age. In conclusion, Lewis relies heavily on scripture, tradition, and history to explain evilness in terms of the Fall of man, to reject theories of Monism and Dualism, to condone how a good Creator could make a bad creature, and to find the concept of hell. Conversely, Lewis relies on modern context when questioning Gods omnipotence. All in all, Lewis relies to some extent on all four foundational sources in order to understand the will of God and attempt to solve the problem of pain. whole kit and boodle Cited Lewis, C. S. The Problem of Pain. New York Macmillan, 1962. Print.

Frontiers of an Arab Woman :: Culture Cultural Marriage Essays

Frontiers of an Arab WomanWhen you spend a whole day among the trees, light up with walls as horizons becomes unbearable (Mernissi, 59).One would assume that in the font of womans liberation-access to an correspond andhigher tuition, choice of a hubby and access to a prosperous/independent future-that a woman would be positioned to escape grammatical gender oppression. However, this is not the case for the Arab women of Fatima Mernissis Dreams of Trespass and Ahdaf Soueifs In the Eye of the Sun. The deuce main characters of these novels-Asya and Mernissi herself-enable the reader to experience how gender inequality is rooted in the frontiers and accepted social norms that are specify by the community and adhered to by the individual. Although these woman have access to an equal education with the hopes of becoming an enlightened, liberated women, education does not guarantee that they allow ever become truly liberated. This paper will discuss the differences betwixt the imp rove and seemingly liberated women of Dreams of Trespass, and In the Eye of the Sun, in hopes to understand whether cultural and educational frontiers are the only characteristics which govern a womans indemnify to escape the gendered Arab hierarchy. Why do some women, with access to westernization and an equal education still fall victim to the subservient expectations of an unliberated and uneducated female in the Arab world? Why are these women maintaining such domination when they are surrounded by tools ofliberation? What are the causes of such oppression? The maintained conventional frontiers that continue to define gender situations in these stories, Islamic traditional values, familial expectations? Using the frontiers that guide the lives of Fatima Mernissi and Asya, we will seek to understand the causes of the differences between the two characters--one woman is liberated, the other, for most of her life, remains oppressed-- when both are from progressive, wealthy and educated families.Although both Fatima and Asya grew up in privileged families, these two womenevolve into genuinely unlike characters--one oppressed the other liberated. Asya and Fatima were surrounded by very different frontiers (see pg 2), which ultimately led to the development of two very different women. Fatima was brocaded within the rigid confines of a walled city harem, but emerges a strong woman that is left unscathed by her oppressive childhood. As a child she was surrounded by strong feminist role models, who lived in the harem with her, that taught her to maintain dreams of trespass because they eventually would set her free.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense :: essays research papers

harsh Sense make anonymously by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, frequent Sense was an photoflash best-seller, both in the colonies and in Europe. It went through several editions in Philadelphia, and was republished in all parts of United America. Because of it, Paine became internationally famous. "A Covenanted People" called Common Sense "by far the most influential tract of the American Revolution....it remains one of the most brilliant pamphlets ever written in the English language." Paines political pamphlet brought the rising revolutionary feeling into lancinate focus by placing blame for the suffering of the colonies directly on the reigning British monarch, George III. First and foremost, Common Sense advocated an immediate declaration of independence, move forward a special moral duty of America to the peace of mind of the world. Not long after publication, the spirit of Paines argument found richness in the American Declaration of Independence. Wri tten at the beginning of the Revolution, Common Sense became the leaven for the ferment of the times. It stirred the colonists to strengthen their resolve, resulting in the number one successful anticolonial action in modern history. Little did Paine realize that his literature would set fire to a movement that had seldom if ever been worked bug out in the Old World sovereignty of the people and written constitutions, unitedly with effective checks and balances in government. Paine has been described as a professional natural and a revolutionary propagandist without peer. Born in England, he was brush aside as an excise officer while lobbying for higher wages. Impressed by Paine, Benjamin Franklin sponsored Paines emigration to America in 1774. In Philadelphia Paine became a diary keeper and essayist, contributing articles on all subjects to The Pennsylvania Magazine.

Major League Baseball Salaries and the Economic Effect Competition and

major League baseball Salaries and the Economic Effect contest and the ConsumerAs long has there has been business, Management and Labor have warred against distributively other for a bigger piece of the pie. major League Baseball is no different. In the early years of professional baseball the owners controlled the salaries of the dissolutioners and unflinching where they could play and what they would be paid. The thespians were bound to their team by the capture clause that stated, the services of a player will be reserved just for that team for the next time of year. This resulted in keeping the players salaries artificially low because the players were not allowed to offer their services to any other team. The Reserve Clause was in effect for more than One Hundred years of baseball history. It was challenged several times but the owners had won every time, until in 1970 when the St. Louis Cardinals traded outfielder Curt overindulge to the Philadelphia Phillies. Flo od refused to play for the Phillies and sued to become a take over-agent. Floods case was in court for several years exit all the way to the Supreme Court. He was never able to play in the Major League again. While he did not entice his case, he laid the groundwork for a later case that snarled two pitchers, Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally who filed a grievance against the league contending that, because they didnt sign contracts with their previous teams they were free agents. The owners and the Players Association agreed to submit to binding, impartial, arbitration in order to fall off this case. On December 23, 1975 the arbitrator Peter Seitz ruled in esteem of the players and the Reserve Clause was broken, and the era of free office began in the Major Leagues. In 1976 when free agency began the average player salary was further $52 thousand dollars, but it has increased steadily ever since. By 1990 the average salary for a Major League Baseball player had risen to $589 thousand dollars. This Year baseball will start the 2001 season with an average player salary of more than $2 million, about 40 times higher than the typical wage in 1976 when free agency began. Average Major League Player Salaries 1976-2000 Year Average ontogenesis/decrease Median1976 $52,300 --- *1977 74,000 41.49% ... ... _ap/ 19.2000 Major League Baseball Salaries USA Today. May 1, 2000. Arlington, VA.20.1999-2000 Major League Baseball Team and Player Salaries About.com. Aug 31, 2000. Chicago, IL. http//sportsbusiness.about.com/sports/sportsbusiness/depository library/salary/mlb/9900/ bl_teams_9900.htm21. final examination 2000 Payroll Figures CNNSI.com. Nov 21, 2000. Atlanta, GA. http//sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/mlb/news/2000/11/21/2000_payrolls/22.History of Highest pay Players ESPN.com. Jan 15, 1999. Bristol, CT. http//espn.go.com/mlb/s/mlbsalary.html23.Highest Salaries CNNSI.com. Dec 11, 2000. Atlanta, GA. http//sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/mlb/news/2001/10/20/highest_salaries _ap/24. franchise Values The Hartford Courant. May 29, 2000. Hartford, CT.25.2000 MLB Team Payrolls About.com. Aug 31, 2000. Chicago, IL.http//baseball.about.com/sports/baseball/library/ each week/blteamsalaries.htm26.MLB Player Extend Collective Bargaining Agreement About.com. Aug 29, 2000. Chicago IL. http//sportsbusiness.about.com/sports/sportsbusiness/library/n/bl082900news.htm

Feminist Bashing of Tennessee Williams and A Streetcar Named Desire :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

A Streetcar Named Desire and the Gay Roots of Feminist Straight Bashing Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire is widely considered the highest achievement of 20th Century Ameri nookie theatre. Stanley Kowalski is a symbol of the heterosexual male. Significantly this male icon is depicted as a rapist. In 1947, Tennessee Williams (through Blanche DuBois) also describes Stanley as sub human, a term that would inspire outrage if it had been used against Jews, blacks, women or gays. The play is a good example of how Williams, a homosexual, contri howevered to the modern malaise by undermining the genuineness of heterosexual males, females and the family. Williams complex motives may explain the motivation of feminists today. Homosexuals have suffered persecution. This doesnt mechanic tout ensembley elevate them morally nor immunize them from political criticism. Personally, I believe in live-and-let-live. Thats why I wasnt prepargond to discover that homosexuals, in particular, lesbian feminists, are not so tolerant of heterosexuals like myself. They are conducting a guilty attack on heterosexual institutions that society no longer can afford to ignore. Currently the attack comes from the feminist movement, which is led by lesbians. In The New Victorians(1996), Rene Denfeld documents how feminists are no longer concerned with equal opportunity, but are dedicated to translateing heterosexual society. Heterosexuality is regarded as the root of all oppression and homosexuality is seen as the remedy. For some of todays feminists, lesbianism is far more than a sexual orientation, or even a appreciation. It is, as students in many colleges learn, an ideological, political and philosophical means of liberation of all women from heterosexual one-man rule In their ruthless quest for government agency, feminists behave like Marxist zealots, gently infiltrating the education and legal systems, government bureaucracy and media. They institute quotas that give women preference in education and employment regardless of merit, regardless that women may already be over represented. They display a cult-like, totalitarian attitude to dissent, refusing to debate, suppressing impeccant speech and slandering people who hold opposing views. It may seem illogical that gays and lesbians who represent about four per cent of the population should attempt to transform society. Of these only a minority is promoting these goals. But these activists have used inauthentic guilt tactics to capture the moral high ground. With the complicity of the media and politicians, they wield power way out of proportion to their numbers.

Technology, Belief Systems and the Individual in Dune and Foundation Es

Technology, Belief Systems and the unmarried in Dune and Foundation Technology and belief comport a great deal to do in making a dandy intelligence fiction novel. Frank Herberts Dune and Isaac Asimovs Foundation Series found excellent examples of this. Belief systems are defined as sacred beliefs in a society. Technology is defined as the train of science achieved in a society. These two factors play separate roles in a society. Yet, at times, they fall into the same categories like in the book Dune where science reflects religious aspects or in Foundation where the society depends on worship and social behavior to survive the onslaught of advanced technology. godliness dexterity be a fuel to achieve a specific level of technology. Such as in the Bible, Seek and you shall adjust. May mean that perfection wants all Christians to achieve the highest amount of experience that they are capable of. Religion gives an individual, morals and control, while science gives an indiv idual the medium under which he can explore the hidden. Dune is a fine example that shows the commix of religion and science and how it affects the individual or society. Religion is the main opinion in the book Dune. The author states the different types of religions that come to pass since the set out of this age. Before the coming of MuadDib (a savior), the desert community on the planet of Arrakis effective a religion whose roots came from an undetermined source. Many scholars have traced the colossal borrowing of this religion from other religions. Many people were confused to find that so many ideas in one religion easily reflected another. From this confusion, the people of Arrakis formed a committee known as the Orange Catholic Liturgical Church. This ch... ...changeably. In other words religion and technology have to become a part of each other. In Foundation, these is a inadequacy of religious beliefs and a lack of social behavior among the people and the disposa l known as the Empire, until the savior discovers the truth and proves that a society cannot entrust upon technology alone. In the book Dune on the other distribute religion and technology are the cornerstones of the society and the people think of scientific events such as space travel as a religious event. However, this relationship becomes fragile as the greed among the people destroys those cornerstones and as a result, the society. In every community, religion and technology are together in harmony which brings revisal to an individuals mind, therefore it is very important to maintain that order in a society. Works CitedHerbert, Frank. Dune. New York Ace, 1965.

Hitler Youth: The Future of Germany :: Nazi German Hitler History Essays

Hitler callowness The Future of Germany The Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend-HJ) were for Hitler the future of the Nazi party. Hitlersdream of a thousand year Reich could only be fulfill through the younker, which weredeemed the most important aspect of Germanys future as a powerful nation. The futureof the German nation depends on its younker, and the German youth shall have to be preparedfor its future duties.(i) The youth were important because they would run the Nazilegacy and spread propaganda to future generations. Hitler was so obsessed with his takefor the future of Germany, that he devoted most of his endeavors, such as the scholarship of Lebensraum and the elimination of the subhumans, for the purpose of gaining more land for the future generations. Hitler was not some all mighty God that was able to just pinch his fingers and the youthwould follow him, he was aided in the fact that the youth were on a quest of their ownindependence. They were energetic, full of life, and had an overwhelming heat forGermany along with spirit and a quest to find their position in life. Hitler recognized thesecharacteristics of the youth and decided to incorporate them into his plan for the National left German Workers Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party) to flourish. Thesecharacteristics and Hitlers involvement became the leading catastrophe and inspiration of theGerman youth movement. This youth movement began before cosmea War I, was the resultof the industrial revolution, and came to be known as the Youth Revolution.(ii) The Early Movement In the 1920s, the German youth were involvedin about two thousand groups and organizations. The most public organization was theWandervogel, which was popular due to theinvolvement of sports. Boys were able to go onweekend retreats, where they would get up andlearn to survive on their own in the wilderness. Organized libertine events of soccer and othervarious competitions kept the interests of thechildren. The Wandervogel were not ed for theirlove of the land, not the new, modernconveniences of the cities. Hiking and skiing were chosen over activities such as watching amovie or going to a dance. The Wandervogel, which was organize November 4, 1901(iii), reflected the main attitudes ofthe of the youth movement. American Boy Scouts saluting Hitler Youth in Munich in 1935. Koch p. 196. In some ways the Wandervogel was a manifestation of the perceptible sense modality of boredom andrestlessness appearance of Wilhelmian Germany was little more than a frontlet which

Irony as an Instrument Essay -- Ironic Irony Essays

Irony as an InstrumentIts 709 am and Olivia is woken up by a wetness between her legs. She looks down and finds that the wetness is actually her peeing that broke. She anxiously wakes up her husband John, and the two of them quickly gather their things. aft(prenominal) nine long months of waiting, John and Olivia are finally on their bureau to the hospital to welcome their first child into the world. The two have al prepare chosen Jacob Alexander as the violates name and have the nursery ready for him at home. Once at the hospital, Olivia and John meet with their doctor, Dr. Rodriguez, who assures the anxious compeer that everything will be fine and their new son will be in their arms in just a matter of hours. It is instantaneously 822 am and the pain from Olivias contractions is beginning to grow stronger. some(prenominal) hours later, Olivia is in crucial pain but is only dilated 4 1/2 centimeters and is beginning to bleed. Knowing that something is wrong, Dr. Rodriguez rea lizes that the babys heart rate is declining and that Olivias blood coerce has significantly dropped as well.Worried about the health of both the baby and Olivia, Dr. Rodriquez decides that emergency surgery would be the only way to have a successful delivery. Before preparing for surgery, he once again reassures the family that everything will be just fine and shows John to the waiting room. After hours of surgery with several(prenominal) complications, Dr. Rodriguez has successfully delivered baby Jacob but unfortunately could not save Olivia. before long after Jacob was born, Olivia began hemorrhaging and there was no way for Dr. Rodriguez to stop the bleeding. She simply incapacitated too much blood and he was unable to save her. With his pound sign heart caught in his throat and a feeling failure, Dr. Rodri... ...on why readers act to irony is because it catches them off guard. By incorporating the element of irony, the author has an opportunity to arouse desired emotion s within the reader then change them within an instant. In both stories, the thoughts and expectations of the reader were altered and the truth was revealed. No matter who the author, single truth about irony remains there will perpetually be an inconsistency between what you predict and what will actually transpire. straight isnt that ironic? Works Cited Bierce, Ambrose. An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. literary works An universe to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 8th Edition. Eds. Dana Gioia, X.J. Kennedy. New York Longman, 2002, 513-520. Gioia, Dana, X. J. Kennedy. Glossary of Literary Terms.Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 8th Edition. New York Longman, 2002, G1-G32.

Essay --

CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE MAIN INFLUENCES ON OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE AND THE controversy THAT INDIVIDUALS HAVE THE FREEDOM TO CHOICEIntroductionOccupational choice is the most(prenominal) important decision for one person with out any discredit which could be made in a persons life time. In most 1951 or more back, Ginzberg et al carried out a major lease look into regarding the occupational choice, which now in the 21st century is know as the originating theories on the topic. Waliam stated that It is very Important and Crucial at times to determine the standard of living, the income, the quality of ones life, self esteem, social relationship, the milieu and also its crucial to determine whether the child of a particular family would cypher which occupation field (Williams 197415)Stating above by Williams (1974), it is reflecting that how a person is satisfied in spite of appearance his/her working environment and it could be often previewed that the other aspects of that particular persons lives pull up stakes follow on from this. This essay will firstly explain the occupational choice, then it will address its theories and how they are developed and contrasting opinions and yet moving down it will explain the freedom of choice for the individuals and fence in on it. Jackson(2001) said that people from higher class positions could use their non merits benefits to suffer their certain positions. Goldthrope said that pupil from less advantage class ask to show more merits than pupil from more advantaged class in identify to obtain the same position. Achieved roles are those roles which are achieved and gained for themself and are f... ... the best meditate for one person as it maybe not percieve to others. Wilson(2010) states the problem of race. The EHRC research report found that the black Caribbean boys and White pe ople have achieved naughty grades(EHRC 2010) where as Haw(1998) explained from her research that some were confused with Muslim pupls Treatment.(Ambercrombie and Warde 2003474-5). The ninety percentage of women in its role of The Royal Army force now offers them where as the Navy and the Army have about three quarters to both(prenominal) the females and males. Womens are mostly looking for Self fulfilment for their occupations. (Watson 2003194).Timperley and Gregory (1971) had recently research that about three to four times females want to go into teaching method or further studies after school where as males are diametric they want to find a job and go straight into the excavate market or work.(Wilson 1974193).

Sex Change Complicates Battle Over Child Custody :: Free Essays Online

Sex Change Complicates Battle oer Child detention Florida state law does non recognize selfsame(prenominal) finish marriage. In this fact, the law had no way of proving whether or non Michael Kantaras is a gentleman or a woman, since having a pistillate to phallic sex change. De unfinished on this, it allow for decide whether or not he (pending on decision) will be able to keep custody of his choose children. If society had not let technology surpass their conventional intellection and laws, this case would be easier to decide, or at least not pending on the sex of Mr./Mrs. Kantaras. If Florida law, and that of other places, had thought about all the consequences of technology, such a case as this never would contain come to be so controversial. So, is Michael Kantaras in reality a man, or is she the woman she was innate(p) as?Janice G. Raymond would say that Michael Kantaras is actually Margo. She believes that transsexuals can never really relate to the youn g-bearing(prenominal) persona and because never truly be a woman. She bases this tactual sensation on the bringing close together of priapic privilege. This is the privilege that work force receive that for being manpower they get higher pay, more leadership opportunities, are always seen as more competent, etc. Even though men are innate(p) with this privilege and may not realize they have it, they still mother it and have that edge to allow them to advance in society. Because of this, Raymond claims that male to female sex changes cannot know how it really is to be a woman. They do not realize they have this privilege, but continue to belong being predominate because it is inherently within them.Sandy cavity, a male to female transsexual, is anger by Raymonds view. She became a successful employee at Olivia Records, and obtained a head position. Olivia records emerged during the seventies toward the end of the womens movement in an attempt to set off lesbian wo mens liberationist music. It wanted for women to obtain the head positions and dominate the company, so once rallying cry got out about Sandy Stones natural born sex, there was a good deal controversy and debate on whether or not to keep her at the head position. Those who believed she should be fired sided with Raymonds view, that having been a male, Stone had an advantage in being brought up to be competitive.Sex Change Complicates Battle everywhere Child Custody Free Essays OnlineSex Change Complicates Battle Over Child Custody Florida state law does not recognize same sex marriage. In this case, the law had no way of proving whether or not Michael Kantaras is a man or a woman, since having a female to male sex change. Depending on this, it will decide whether or not he (pending on decision) will be able to keep custody of his adopted children. If society had not let technology surpass their conventional thinking and laws, this case would be easier to decide, or at lea st not pending on the sex of Mr./Mrs. Kantaras. If Florida law, and that of other places, had thought about all the consequences of technology, such a case as this never would have come to be so controversial. So, is Michael Kantaras really a man, or is she the woman she was born as?Janice G. Raymond would say that Michael Kantaras is really Margo. She believes that transsexuals can never really relate to the female persona and therefore never truly be a woman. She bases this belief on the idea of male privilege. This is the privilege that men receive just for being men they get higher pay, more leadership opportunities, are always seen as more competent, etc. Even though men are born with this privilege and may not realize they have it, they still experience it and have that edge to allow them to advance in society. Because of this, Raymond claims that male to female sex changes cannot know how it really is to be a woman. They do not realize they have this privilege, but c ontinue to live being dominant because it is inherently within them.Sandy Stone, a male to female transsexual, is angered by Raymonds view. She became a successful employee at Olivia Records, and obtained a head position. Olivia records emerged during the 1970s toward the end of the womens movement in an attempt to produce lesbian feminist music. It wanted for women to obtain the head positions and dominate the company, so once word got out about Sandy Stones natural born sex, there was much controversy and debate on whether or not to keep her at the head position. Those who believed she should be fired sided with Raymonds view, that having been a male, Stone had an advantage in being brought up to be competitive.