Concepts of Abnormality and Mental Health

Concepts of Abnormality and rational HealthSevgi Gulbahce Psychology Access to Nursing interpretationExampleAbnormalityIt is behaving in slipway which the majority of people do not behave in, or not acting in the ways the majority of people behave in.It layabout be any involvement that is not considered as normal. Abnormal doings evoke be affected by numerous factors e.g. loving norm, the ambiguity of the break point between abnormal/normal and bias and funda psychological attribution errors.And one thing that may be abnormal in the UK maybe seen as normal in an new(prenominal) commonwealth etc.An individual back be said to be abnormal if they be unable to grip with the demands of everyday life e.g. interact with others, self-c be and make themselves understood to others. Rosenhan Seligman (1989) believed the following characteristics describe failure to function adequately ar Vividness unconventionality, unpredictable loss of control, Ir sensionality/incomprehensibi lity, Violates moral/social standards and Causes observer discomfort.NormalityThe nub of normal can vary from person, culture, place, situation and time. Normal can change with societal standards and norm. Normal demeanor can be subjective and can be recognised when comp ard to what is not normal or abnormal.A person carrying out normal deportment can show empathy, can relate its thoughts to others. They understand their actions, they be awargon of all actions and can act sanely. They can show the correct emotions when necessary, and are capable of sagaciousness others etc.DefinitionsExplanationEvaluationStatistical infrequencyIt is apply to find out the norm of a society. It can be used to categorise people in to normal, frequent, typical or atypical.It is not accounted for social acceptability or behaviour type e.g. a very intelligent person may be seen as abnormal because it is uncommon and odd behaviour that is uncommon but may be authorized as abnormalDeviation from so cial normsIt is going against a societies accepted behaviour codesSocial norms can be can change depending on the society and standards may change e.g. in our society it was seen as abnormal to be an unmarried mother before than it is nowFailure to function adequatelyWhen a person has difficulty maintaining a social relationship or staying in a business sector other(a) than social dysfunction, it is also being in a disabling state of distress. Problems can be that certain(prenominal) mental disorders may not cause distress and that it may sometimes be normal to be distressed.Deviation from ideal mental healthWhen a person does not have all the criterias required for a normal healthy functioningThe criterias for the ideal mental health may be difficult to measure and so demanding that some people fail to meet themTAQ 2 fastenExplainDSM IVDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition is a manual published by the American psychiatric association and it used t o diagnose and categorize mental disordersPsychiatrics diagnoses are categorised by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. It includes all mental health disorders for two adults and pip-squeakren. It lists all the causes of these disorders, age at onset, statistics in terms of gender and prognosis. They use this manual when working with longanimouss to succor better understand their illnesses and the potential distributement and also to help the third party payers such as insurers. The DSM is divided into five sections and the fourth section is used to asses the events in a persons life such as death of a loved one, unemployment and starting a new job etc.ICDThe International Classification of Disease tenth revision is a system of coding created by the World Health Organization. It notes the medical records of the diseases, symptoms, findings and causes of injury.The ICD-10-classification for mental disorders is made of 10 main groupsF0 Organic, including sy mptomatic, mental disorders F1 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of psychoactive substances F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders F3 Mood affective disorders F4 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders F5 Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors F6 Disorders of personality and behaviour in adult persons F7 Mental retardation F8 Disorders of psychological development F9 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset normally occurring in childhood and adolescence. (web 4 health, 2003)TAQ 3Evaluate the biological (medical approach) and behaviourist approach to abnormalityIn psychology there are different approaches when examining both normal and abnormal behaviour. The four main are biological, behavioural, cognitive and psychodynamic. We will be evaluating biological and behavioural in this essay.The biological approach to abnormal behaviour concent locoweedes on medical issues that causes the mental ill nesses. It can involve damage to the brain, physical illness, or chemical imbalances.The medical approach believes that it can be caused by any of the following four physical causes genetic, biochemistry, Neuroanatomy and infections. Usually the mental illness is inherited from the parents. It can run in the family or if a certain gene is seen to be responsible for the illness. There are various chemicals in the brain to help with communication and these are called neurotransmitters. Examples of neurotransmitters are serotonin, dopamine and adrenalin. If an imbalance in these chemicals occur it can cause psychological disorders, this is called biochemistry. Neuroanatomy believes the abnormal behaviour is caused by a fuss in the bodily structure of the brain. It is found that the syphilis bacterium can cause disorders cognise as general paresis which can cause forgetfulness and delusions. Also there are research to suggest that influenza in a pregnant woman can cause schizophrenia in a child in the later ages.There are many different treatment types depending on the illness cause. If the is the problem is caused by physical problem then a physical procedure is carried out. If the problem is with the brain structure then surgery might be necessary and lastly if the problem caused is chemically then drugs are given to address the problem. Antipsychotics are incontrovertible to unhurrieds suffering from schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine can also be prescribed to help block some of the dopamine receptors stopping the brain to become less sensitive. If a patient experience suicidal thoughts Clozapine can be prescribed which acts on serotonin and dopamine pathways. Anti-depressants are prescribed to patients to help with preventing reabsorption or by blocking the enzymes. When drugs have pocket-sized or no effect or in most extreme cases surgery might be carried out. These include virulent or removing certain parts of the brain. Frontal lobotomies are used in the UK to calm men that are violent. Deep brain stimulation can also be used and is successfully used to treat patients with Parkinsons, depression and anorexia.The behaviourist model believes that all behaviour is learned which also includes abnormal behaviour. The behaviour can also be forgotten which is the rule used for treatment. There are three different ways in which behaviour is learned classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning.Classical conditioning was detect by a Russian physiologist called Ivan Pavlov. It is a learning method that happens through relations between an environmental stimulus and a stimulus that is occurring naturally. Watson and Rayner did a research on an eleven month old little boy called Albert. He was shown a white rat which he had no fear of, (natural stimulus). Afterwards the rat was shown again to Albert but every time a metal bar was struck with a power hammer behinds Alberts head producing a loud sound. Every time the metal bar was struck he would start crying. This was done a several times and they had seen that Albert had developed a fear towards the rat. (Revision with Richie, 2015)Operant instruct was found by a behaviourist called B.F. Skinner. It is a method of learning that happens through rewards or penalisation for behaviour. An association can be made between a behaviour and the consequences for that behaviour. E.g. when a lab rat presses on the blue button he will receive a rewards which is a food pallet however when he presses the red button he will receive mild electric shock. He eventually learns to press the blue button for a rewards and avoids the red button. ( hardly Psychology, 2015)Observation learning is found by psychologist Albert Banbura. It is known as social learning, it can occur from retaining, observing and copying behaviour in other people, and it can happen at any stage of life, but is most important during childhood. Albert Banbura (1965) demonstrated an try out called the Bobo doll. Children were perceive adults hit a doll and either be rewarded, punished or neither. After seeing this the children had learned aggressive behaviour. If a person is rewarded for its actions they are more likely to repeat the behaviour.Behaviour therapies are used to treat phobias and involve the patient learning to associate their phobic stimulus with relaxation. SD is an effective therapy used on patients struggling with more serious disorders. It is slower process, however the longer the technique takes the more it can be effective. Aversion method that teaches a person to associate their unwanted behaviour with something unpleasant. E.g. teaching an downpour person to associate their preferred drink with being violently ill. Token economy is a method used in psychiatric prisons and hospitals. If a person behaves in a wanted way they are rewarded with tokens which can be used to buy something they like. Modelling is another treatment method and can be use d to treat phobias. The patient watches a person coping well with the phobic situation, and then the patient may feel comfortable in doing the same.BibliographyEducation portal, 2003, what is Abnormal Psychology? 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